Case-hardening or surface hardening is the process of hardening the surface of a metal object while allowing the metal deeper underneath to remain soft, thus forming a thin layer of harder metal (called the "case") at the surface. For iron or steel with low carbon content, which has poor to no hardenability of its own, the case-hardening process involves infusing additional carbon or nitrogen
into the surface layer. Case-hardening is usually done after the part
has been formed into its final shape, but can also be done to increase
the hardening element content of bars to be used in a pattern welding or similar process.
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